1. Halbach arrays
   • individual permanent magnets are oriented in a way that their magnetic moments reinforce each other on one side and cancel each other out on the other side, creating a uniform magnetic field.
   • used in lots of application that require really concentrated and strong B field outputs
   • NMR Mandhalas (Magnet Arrangements for Novel Discrete Halbach Layout)
   • Varied magnetic fields in halbach
   • design considerations
3. Dipole arrays: Simple arrangements of dipole magnets, often used in magnetic bearings and levitation systems.
4. Quadrupole arrays: Configurations that produce quadrupole fields, commonly used in particle accelerators and beam focusing.
5. Sextupole and higher-order multipole arrays: Used for more complex field shaping in accelerator physics and other applications.
6. Nested Halbach arrays: Multiple concentric Halbach cylinders to enhance field strength or create more complex field patterns.
7. Wiggler and undulator magnets: Specialized arrays used in synchrotron light sources and free-electron lasers to generate radiation.
8. Magic sphere configurations: Spherical arrangements of magnets that can produce uniform internal fields.
9. Magnetic field shaping arrays: Custom configurations designed to produce specific field shapes for specialized applications.
10. Active magnetic regenerator (AMR) arrays: Used in magnetic refrigeration systems.
11. Magnetic drug targeting arrays: Optimized configurations for generating high field gradients.
12. Yokeless permanent magnet arrays: Designs that eliminate the need for ferromagnetic yokes in MRI and other applications.

Electromagnets:

1. Solenoids - Coils of wire that generate a magnetic field when current flows through them. Common types include:
   • Single acting solenoids
   • Double acting solenoids
   • Reverse solenoids
   • Rotary solenoids
2. Holding/lifting electromagnets - Used to hold or lift ferromagnetic materials
3. Resistive electromagnets - Use copper wire coils
4. Superconducting electromagnets - Use superconducting materials cooled to very low temperatures
5. Hybrid electromagnets - Combine resistive and superconducting components

Permanent Magnets: